Study and experiment analysis of the feasibility of partial replacement of Industrial Waste Glass Powder as Cement in Self Compacting Concrete

 

Rahul Roy, Pratyush Kmar

School of Civil and Chemical Engineering (SCALE), VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014

 

ABSTRACT:

Cement manufacturing industry is one of the Carbon-di-oxide (CO₂) emitting sources to   the   atmosphere.   To   reduce   this   emission the .alternative material to be used in the concrete in which the glass is adopted .Glass is an economical and environmental friendly construction material. Glass is non-biodegradable material not suitable for landfill. In this paper partial replacement of cementitious material in self compacting concrete in 5%, 10%, 15%. The replacement of glass powder decreases the unit weight and porosity by decreases in water absorption. The early consumption of alkalis by glass particles helps in reduction of alkali silica reaction. The workability of concrete is determined by using slump test and the crushing strength of aggregate is determined by using impact test .Therefore, the glass powder is used to some extent can replace the cement and contribute the strength development and characteristics of durability.

 

 

1. INTRODUCTION:

Self Compacting Concrete is one of the largest materials widely used. Cement industry emits 7% of green house gases to the atmosphere [5]. One ton of Carbon-di-oxide is released to the atmosphere for the production of one ton cement in industry. To reduce the emission the alternative materials to be used in concrete. There are many alternatives like rice husk ash, fly ash, egg shell, glass powder. When we are going for an alternative in construction it should be economical and easily available. The construction companies are interestedinusingrecycledmaterialstogive sustainable construction.In recent years there has been an increasing incentive to minimize the environmental effect of construction. Industry through programs such as Leadership in Energy and Environment Design [LEED] green building rating system which rewards points for sustainable construction practices [7].In India 5200 tons per day of glass is produced. Glass is an amorphous material produced by melting a mixture of silica, soda ash, CaCO3 at high temperature followed by cooling where the solidification occurs without crystallization. Glass is non –biodegradable material So, it is not suitable for landfills.It is a inert material which could be recycled and used many times without changing their chemical properties. In glass powder the main concern is alkali silica reaction, the chemical reaction takes place between silica rich glass particle and the alkali in pore solution of concrete [3].The finely grounded glass does not contribute to the alkali silica reaction. The waste glass contains high silica-72%.The amorphous silica in glass would dissolve in alkaline environment due to OH^-ions in pore solution of cement paste. Then it reacts with calcium hydroxide [CaOH] to form secondary calcium silicate hydrate [C-S-H] this process is known as pozzolanicreaction[4].As glass containing high silica content. It leads to studies onpartial use of waste glass as raw material in concrete batching. The finely ground glass powder does not add alkali silica reaction[1].A study on durability of concrete with waste glass powder pointed better performance against chloride permeability in long term but there is concern aboutalkalisilicareaction [2].Thefinelyground glass powder reacts with alkali and cementitious product for increase the development in strength.

 

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS:

2.1 Cement and Water:

Ordinary Portland cement of 43 grade is used to prepare the mix design. Water – cement ratio is 0.40 for this mix design. The test on the cement was done to find out the Initial Setting time of the cement and the specific gravity of the cement given by

= 3.21 g/cc

 

Initial setting time of the cement is 30 minutes for 43 OPC Grade cement.

 

2.2 Coarse Aggregate and Fine Aggregate

Clean river sand ranging from 0-4.75mm are used as a fine aggregate and angular aggregate of size between 4.75 mm to 20 mm are used as a coarse aggregate.

 

2.3 Waste Glass Powder:

 Locally available glass is collected and converted into powder form. This material replaces the cement in mix proportion. Before adding glass powder in the concrete, it has to be powdered to required size. In this experiment glass powder having particle size less than 90 μm was used

 

2.4 Physical Properties of Cement, Sand and Glass Powder:

Glass is a hard material that is normally breakable and transparent. It is type of solid material that will not change its shape unless it’s being heated to a certain high temperature. It is durable due to strong bond between the molecules and the durability depends on its thickness. Due to its static behaviour it does not react with other materials and not decomposed by most acids [21]. The physical properties are listed below table 1.

 

Table 1. Physical Properties of Cement, Sand and Glass Powder

 

2.5 Chemical composition of cement and glass powder:

The raw material used in manufacture of glass is silicon dioxide, lime stone and soda ash. The primary reason for the popularity of glass is that its property can be varied according to requirements.

 

Glass can be made as strong as steel or more delicate than paper.  Glass powder chemical properties include water resistance, acid resistance, and phosphate resistance. The   chemical   property   of   glass   gives resistance to attach by water , acids, alkalis . Glass containing larger amount of substance such as silicon dioxide (SiO₂), Aluminium oxide (Al2O3),Titanium oxide (TiO₂) [5,11]. The chemical properties are listed in below table.2

 

Table 2. Chemical Composition of cement and glass powder

 

2.6 Mix Design of Self Compacting Concrete:

Table 3Self Compacting Concrete mixture content

 

2.7 Experimental Procedure:

2.7.1 Slump Test:

In the slump test the concretes filling ability, passing ability and segregation resistance can be obtained by carrying out various test for slump. The most used combination for the workability test is the slump flow and J-ring test or Slump flow and V-ring Test [21].

 

The procedure for doing the experiment is to first clean the internal surface of the mould and apply the oil. Place the mould on a smooth horizontal non porous base plate. Fill the mould with the prepared concrete mix in four approximate equal layers. Without tamping remove the excess layer of the concrete and level it with the help of a trowel. Clean the mortar between the mould and the base plate. Remove the mould from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical direction. Measure the slump as a difference between height of a mould and that of the height point of the specimen being tested.

 

2.7.2 Compressive Strength Test:

The concrete is poured in the mould and tampered properly to avoid the voids.  After 24 hours the moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water for curing. The top surface of these specimens should be made even by trowel. These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or 28 days curing . Load should be applied gradually till the specimens fails .The compressive strength of concrete is found by load at the failure divided by area of specimen

 

2.7.3 Flexural Strength Test:

Turn  the  specimen  on  it  side  with  respect  to  its position  when  moulded,  and  centre  it  on  the supporting bearing blocks. The load applying block shall be brought in contact with the upper surface with the centre line between the supports. Bring load applying block in full contact with the beam surface by applying a 100lbs. check to ensure that the beam is in uniform contact with the bearing blocks and the load applying block.

 

 

 

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

In initial stage, the materials and equipments needed are checked for availability. The concrete mixes

according to mix design IS 10262-2009 (M25) and the

replacement of cement by glass powder with 5%, 10%, 15% respectively casting of cube, beam .The dimensions are:

 

Cube Dimensions = 150mm*150mm*150mm

Beam Dimensions = 500mm*100mm*100mm

 

Then curing of cubes, beams are made. After that compression strength and flexural strength test are conducted.

 

3.1 Slump Flow Test:

The result of workability of concrete by slump test with cement replaced by glass powder in various percentages ranging from 5%, 10% and 15 %. The time taken to travel 50 cm diameter by the slump flow is also noted for each proportion of glass powder. It has been observed that the slump value goes on decreasing with an increase in glass powder concentration. The below table shows the slump value along with their T₅₀ (sec) .

 

Table 4. Slump Flow Diameter along with T50

 

Fig. 5 Influence on Waste Glass Dosage on Flow Diameter

 

Fig. 6 Influence on Waste Glass Dosage on T₅₀

 

 

3.1.1    J-Ring Test:

In J-ring Test the measurement of concrete flow is determined by using reinforcement bars. The inter bar narrow aggregate movement has the potential to form a collective aggregate barrier that reduces flow or promotes resistance to the flow. The below table shows the variationof flow diameter and T₅₀ along with the waste glass percentage variation.

 

Table 5. Slump Flow Diameter along with T50

 

Fig. 7 Influence on Waste Glass Dosage on Flow  Diameter (J-Ring)

 

Fig.8 Influence on waste glass dosage on T50 (J-Ring)

 

3.2   Compression Test:

Cubes which prepared with different replacement of glass powder is tested after 28 days of curing for compressive strength value. For each mix 3different cubes are prepare and average final value of compressive strength is calculated which is shown.

 

Table 6. Influence in Compressive Strength due to variation in  Waste Glass Dosage

 

Fig.9 Compressive Test Setup

 

Fig.10 Compressive Strength of Concrete at Various Stages

 

As per the above reading compressive strength of the glass powder concrete is higher than normal concrete. By increasing the glass powder upto 15% gives higher compressive strength.

 

3.3 Flexural Strength Test

The concrete containing 5% to 15% of glass powder   shows the higher flexural strength when compare to the conventional concrete.

 

Table 7. Influence in Flexural Strength due to variation in  Waste Glass Dosage

 

Fig.10 Flexural Strength of Concrete at Various Stages

 

As per the above reading flexural strength of the glass powder concrete is higher than normal concrete. By increasing the glass powder up to 15% gives higher flexural strength. By using glass powder as a partial replacement of cement in the concrete, increasing the glass powder of the concrete leading to decrease in the workability. By experimental view we found that both the compressive strength and flexural strength shows higher result when compared to conventional concrete. Due to low specific gravity of glass powder, it decreases the unit weight of the concrete by increasing it. By correlating the compressive strength of the conventional concrete (29.54 N/mm²) and glass powder concrete (44.56 N/mm²), glass powder shows the higher compression strength. By correlating the flexural strength of the conventional concrete (5.250 N/mm²) and glass powder concrete (5.340 N/mm²), glass powder shows the higher flexural strength. The finely grounded glass does not contribute to the alkali silica reaction and gives the higher   value   than   large   sized   glass   powder. Considering   strength   criteria   the   replacement   of cement by glass powder is feasible.

 

4. CONCLUSION:

Production of every 6 ton of glass powder concrete result in the reduction of each ton CO2 emission from cement production. So by using the glass powder in the concrete reduces the green house gas emission. Usage of glass powder in concrete can prove to be economical as it as very much cheaper than cement and it also reduce the disposal problem of waste glass prove to be environmental friendly.

 

5.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Prakash Nanthagopalan, Rishav Ghosh, PariksheetGanguly, Prasad K.L, Prakash V.A and Tanwar B.S. to the Structural Engineering (Material Specialization). The author would also like to thank the co-authors Pratyush Kumar for the contributions and guidance for the accomplishment of the paper. The authors would like to thank Anshuman Tiwari and Elsevier for helping in the formatting of the paper. The author would also thank the VIT University for giving a great opportunity and platform for presenting the paper. All contributions are greatly acknowledged for generation of the paper.

 

 

6. REFERENCES:

1.       Fasih Ahmed Khan, Muhammad Fahab, Khan Shahzada, HarisAlam, Naveed Ali. “Utilization of waste glass powder as a partial replacement of cement in concrete‖. ISSN 2319-5347,vol.04, (2015).

2.       G.M. Sadiqul Islam, M.H. Rahman, NayemKazi.―Waste glass powder as partial replacement of cement for sustainable concrete practice.. (2016).

3.       Rakesh Sakale, Sourabh Jail, Seema Singh. “ Experimental investigation on strength of glass powder replacement by cement in concrete with different dosages”. ISSN :2277 128X, vol.05, (2015).

4.       Hongjian Du, Kiang Hwee Tan https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279287238. “ Waste glass powder as cement replacement in concrete”.(2014)

5.       Shilpa Raju, Dr.P.R.Kumar. “ Effective of using glass powder in concrete”. Volume 3, Special Issue 5 (2014)

6.       Veena V.Bhat, N. Bhavanishankar Rao. “Influence of glass powder on properties of concrete”. (IJETT) – Volume 16 (2014)

7.       Ashutosh Sherma, Ashutosh Sangamnerkar. “ Glass powder – A partial replacement of cement”.(IJCEM) Volume 1, Issue 11.(2015)

8.       J.M. Khatib, E.M. Negim, H.S. Sohl and N. Chileshe, “Glass Powder Utilisation in Concrete Production,” European Journal of Applied Sciences 4 (4): 173-176, 2012.

9.       M.N. Bajad, C.D. Modhera and A.K. Desai, “Higher Strength Concrete using Glass Powder,” Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 39, No. 3,August-September 2012, pp. 380-383.

10.     Ankur Meena and Randheer Singh Karnik, “Comparative Study of Waste Glass Powder as Pozzolanic Material in Concrete,” B. Tech. thesis, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 2012.

11.     G. Vijayakumar, H. Vishaliny, D. Govindarajulu, “Studies on Glass Powder as Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete Production,”International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 2, Febraury 2013, pp. 153-157.

12.     M. Iqbal Malik, Muzafar Bashir, Sajad Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Umar Chowdhary, “Study of Concrete Involving Use of Waste Glass as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates,” IOSR Journal of Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 7 (July 2013), pp. 08-13.

13.     Ahmad Shayan “Value Added Utilization of Waste Glass in Concrete” IABSE Symposium Melbourne, 2002, p.p.1-12

14.     Ahmad Shayan, Aimin Xu “Performance of glass powder as a pozzolanic material in concrete: A field trial on concrete slabs” Cement and Concrete Research, 2006, Vol.36, p.p.457–468.

15.     Craig Polley, Steven M. Cramer and Rodolfo V. de la Cruz “Potential For Using Waste Glass In Portland Cement Concrete” Cement and Concrete Research, 2008 Vol. 36, p.p.489–532.

16.     Narayanan Neithalath “An Overview Of The Benefits Of Using Glass Powder As Partial Cement Replacement Material In Concrete” Indian Concrete Journal, 2011.

17.     R. Idir, M. Cyr, A. Tagnit-Hamou “Use Of Waste Glass As Powder And Aggregate In Cement-Based Materials” 1stInternational Conference on Sustainable Built Environment Infrastructures in Developing Countries ENSET Oran (Algeria),2009, p.p. 109-114.

18.     Victor Shevchenko and WojciechSwierad “A Mechanism Of Portland Cement Hardening In The Presence Of Finely Grained Glass Powder” Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, 2007, Vol. 1, No3, p.p.179-184

19.     IS 10262:2009 Indian Standard Concrete Mix Proportioning- Guidelines (First Revision).

20.     Gautam Singh, Ashish Kumar singh, Akhil Bhaskar, Ajit Singh Attree. “A Critical Study of Effectiveness Of Waste Glass Powder In Concrete”. Vol 5 [3], (2014). http://www.theconcreteportal.com/scc.html

 

Received on 18.05.2017            Accepted on 29.06.2017            © EnggResearch.net All Right Reserved Int. J. Tech. 2017; 7(1): 29-36 DOI:10.5958/2231-3915.2017.00007.4