Combat Ageing by Sirtuins and Sirtfoods: Genetic and Dietary way of reducing senescence
Radhika Sharma
Associate Professor, BEE ENN College of Nursing, Chak Bhalwal, Jammu and Kashmir.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: radhikambsharma@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Ageing is a conserved phenomenon across all species and imposes an ever-increasing risk of dysfunction and death in older organisms.Growing evidences have shown that sirtuins are essential factors those delay cellular senescence and extends the organismal lifespan through the regulation of diverse cellular processes, this needs food rich in antioxidants and polyphenols to activate sirtuin Aging is beautiful. Every wrinkle, crinkle and spot is hard-earned proof of a life well lived. But just because you’ve earned your stripes or the lines on your face, it doesn’t mean you don’t want to look your very best. The truth is, you can love your age and yourself and still want to know how to look younger and live disease free life, One of the most promising targets for anti-ageing approaches are proteins belonging to the sirtuin family.
KEYWORDS: Sirtfoods, Sirtuins,Ageing And Sirt1-7.
INTRODUCTION:
SIRTUINS Sirtuins were originally discovered as transcription repressors in yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) however, nowadays they are known to occur in bacteria and eukaryotes including mammals.1
Sirtuins are a family of signaling proteins involved in metabolic regulation. They possess mono-ADPribosyltransferase or deacetylase activity. They are ancient in animal evolution and appear to possess a highly conserved structure throughout all kingdoms of life. Whereas bacteria and archaea encode either one or two sirtuins, eukaryotes encode several sirtuins in their genomes. Sirtuins play a vital role in sustaining genome integrity. Play major role in maintaining snormal chromatin condensation state, in DNA damage response and repair, modulate oxidative stress and energy metabolism. Research on sirtuin protein was started in 1991 by Leonard Guarente 1.
TYPES OF SIRTUINS:
Sirtuins are a family of signaling proteins involved in metabolic regulation.They are ancient in animal evolution and appear to possess a highly conserved structure throughout all kingdoms of life. eukaryotes encode several sirtuins in their genomes. In yeast, roundworms, and fruitflies, sir2 proteins are present. Mammals possess seven sirtuins (SIRT1–7) that occupy different subcellular compartments: SIRT1, SIRT6 and SIRT7 are predominantly in the nucleus, SIRT2 in the cytoplasm, and SIRT3, SIRT4 and SIRT5 in the mitochondria. in the regulation SIRT3, a mitochondrial protein deacetylase, plays a role in tricarboxylic acid cycle(TCA)[2]. It also plays a role in skeletal muscle as a metabolic adaptive response. Since glutamine is a source of a-ketoglutarate used to replenish the TCA cycle, SIRT4 is involved in Amino Acid metabolism.
ROLE OF SIRTUINS:
Sirtuins extend the lifespan of multiple model organisms and have a central role in cellular survival processes, ranging from DNA repair, mitochondrial maintenance, and cellular stress responses3.
The human body is multifaceted and complex, housing a myriad of unique molecules that regulate steady state of stability and promote healthy survival. From our diverse pool of cellular health regulators, a family of seven enzymes called sirtuins has emerged as key proteins intricately linked to biological processes that affect metabolism, aging, and longevity. Namely, evidence indicates that sirtuins serve as regulators of aging, as they are linked to cellular rejuvenation and stimulate vital processes likeDNA repair,circadian rhythms, and cellular stress responses[4]. Furthermore, given their ability to increase lifespan in multiple model organisms, scientists have established sirtuins as promising targets to extend human lifespan and deter the development of age-associated diseases.
Sirtuins also play a vital role in repairing damaged DNA that accumulates with age. Particularly, Sirt1 and Sirt7 are the sirtuins responsible for governing genomic stability and DNA repair. To facilitate this critical process, sirtuins require a sufficient pool of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) – a life-preserving enzyme that governs multiple cellular survival pathways and mitigates hallmarks of aging, such as oxidative stress and inflammation. However, cellular NAD+ levels drastically decline with age, ultimately quenching sirtuin activity and increasing susceptibility to secondary consequences of DNA damage, such as cellular senescence – a stagnant cellular state believed to be a pillar of aging. SIRT1 prevent neurogenerative disorders4
Overwhelming DNA damage triggers cellular stress that leads to senescent cells sprouting across multiple tissues, which drives inflammation, promotes organ deterioration, and compromises the healthy, youthful state of surrounding cells. Although diminished sirtuin activity can exacerbate these consequences, studies show that increasing sirtuin activity reverts cellular senescence and enhances DNA repair, potentially delaying multiple aging features3.
Sirtuins In Mitochondria, and Metabolism.
Another essential function of sirtuins is boosting mitochondrial health. Studies indicate that Sirt3, Sirt4, and Sirt5 are the mitochondrial sirtuins that improve energy metabolism and reduces mitochondrial dysfunction. Impaired mitochondria hinder the synthesis of ATP – our cell’s energy currency – and drive the production of reactive oxygen species – harmful compounds that induce oxidative stress – both of which accelerate aging. Uniquely, increasing Sirt3 activity has been shown to increase ATP production and reduce oxidative stress, demonstrating that sirtuins exert anti-aging effects via mitochondrial maintenance5
Sirtuins are also potent metabolic regulators, with studies suggesting that they can potentially mitigate age-related metabolic ailments like type 2 diabetes and obesity. Research shows that sirtuins are heavily involved in the metabolism of fat, ranging from synthesis, storage, and usage by cells. Accordingly, these actions help prevent excess fat accumulation across tissues like muscle and the liver. Sirt6 improves insulin sensitivity in the muscle and and protects against diet-induced obesity5.
Boosting sirtuins further improves metabolism by stimulating glucose production from non carbohydrate sources likeamino acids, which is essential for memory formation, organ function, and motor function,also help in lipolysis. Overall, it appears that sirtuins play a central role in regulating the metabolic machinery critical for survival.6
HOW TO ACTIVATE SIRTUINS:
Sirtuins can be activated with NAD+ precursors , Resveratrol and Anthocyanins type of polyphenols – natural compounds found in various plants, fruits, nuts, and vegetables. sirtuins can be activated by various methods but the most important one is dietary method ,good food means good life ,the SIRTFOODS are the best to combat ageing by activating your sirtuins.
SIRTFOODS:
The Sirtfood Diet, explained in the book “The Sirtfood Diet” by Aidan Goggins and Glen Matten, claims that followers can lose up to seven pounds in seven days by consuming foods rich in sirtuins (SIRTs). These are a group of seven proteins associated with several health benefits, including slowing down the aging process, reducing inflammation, and regulating metabolism.
Sirtfoods are mainly plant-based, antioxidant-rich foods like dark chocolate, matcha green tea, kale, strawberries, red wine, blueberries, and more. At its core, the Sirtfood Diet is a calorie-restricted diet that dubs sirtfoods as the new superfoods. There is a lack of evidence supporting the Sirtfood Diet as a whole.
COMPONENTS OF SIRTFOODS:
Famous for allowing red wine and dark chocolate, the Sirtfood Diet mainly consists of various fruits, grains, leafy greens, herbs, spices, oils, and drinks that are high in sirtuin activators. Soy, beans ,tofu and legumes are sources of sirtuins while meat is not. If meat is consumed, it should only be eaten in moderation, since it is high in calories and not a rich source of sirtuins.
1. FRUITS AND VEGETABLES:
Sirtfoods tend to be rich in antioxidants, so it is no surprise that the following fruits and vegetables are encouraged on the Sirtfood Diet. Kale,Strawberries,Onions,Arugula,Capers, Blueberries,Medjool dates,Red chicory.
2. HERBS AND SPICES:
Herbs and spices are recommended while on the Sirtfood Diet. They can be used in green juices or to add flavor to meals,these are :
Turmeric
Parsley
Basil
Cilantro
3. BEVERAGES:
Green drink
Red wine
Coffee
tea
CONCLUSION:
sirtuins are very important for preventing ageing and many dreadful diseases ,seven sirtuins are boon to healthy life and it can be activated by sirtfoods.
Sirtfoods elicit multi-pharmacological and pleiotropic health functions that mitigate metabolic disorder like weight gain , diabetes etc. Therefore, whether as a single extract or combined, Sirtfoods are bridge ”what we consume” and ”health.“ Plant-based meals are natural, low-cost, and have long-term health benefits. Wholesome Sirtfoods target and regulate sirtuin genes to promote health, thus attracting increased interest in applying them as functional foods. Therefore, future in vivo and clinical trials should elucidate potential issues and benefits associated with sirtuins.
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, synergistic gut interactions, benefits, and appropriate dose of sirtfoods can be determined in future. Objective evaluation is essential because different modulators either activate or inhibit SIRT activities.More research should be done to find more sirtuins.
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Received on 06.07.2023 Accepted on 19.09.2023 © EnggResearch.net All Right Reserved Int. J. Tech. 2023; 13(2):75-78. DOI: 10.52711/2231-3915.2023.00009 |
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